Today is Thursday; 20^th of the Iranian month of Dey 1397 solar hijri; corresponding to 3^rd of the Islamic month of Jumadi al-Awwal 1440 lunar hijri; and January 10, 2019 of the Christian Gregorian Calendar.

947 solar years ago, on this day in 1072 AD, Muslim rule ended on the island of Sicily, with the surrender of the capital, Palermo to the Norman invader Robert Guiscard, although Islamic culture and Arabic language continued to linger in Sicily for over a century-and-a-half, influencing arts and sciences. The first Muslims to arrive in Sicily were Syrians in 652. In 827, the Aghlabids, the Abbasid governors of the Province of Ifriqiyya, took control of Sicily, and in 902, Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold on the island surrendered to the Muslims. In 909 the Aghlabids were overthrown by the popular Ismaili Shi'ite Muslim movement that established the Fatemid Dynasty in North Africa. Sicily passed into Fatemid hands, and Taormina was renamed "al-Mu'ezziya" in honour of the Fatemid caliph, al-Mu'ez le-Dinillah, whose famous Greek Muslim general from Sicily, Jowhar as-Saqali, went on to take control of Egypt from the Abbasid caliphate, and build the city of Cairo as the new capital of the Fatemids. After the fall of the last Muslim enclave on Sicily to the Normans in 1078 Guiscard’s son, Count Roger I, kept the Arab administration intact and had Muslims among his advisers and court scholars, including the famous geographer, Seyyed Mohammad al-Idrisi al-Hassani – a descendant of Imam Hasan Mojtba (AS), the elder grandson of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA). Muslim influence and Arabic language continued in Sicily till 1240s when the last of the Muslims were deported from the island and mosques turned into churches.

925 solar years ago, on this day in 1094 AD, the 8th self-styled caliph of the Fatemid Ismaili Shi'ite Muslim Dynasty of Egypt-North-Africa-Syria-Hijaz, Abu Tamim Ma'ad al-Mustansir-Billah, passed away in his capital Cairo, at the age of 65, after a reign of 58 years, having succeeded his father, Abu'l-Hassan Ali az-Zahir as a 7-year boy. During the early years of his rule, his mother administered state affairs. The Iranian philosopher-poet, Hibatullah ibn Musa Mu'ayyad fi'd-Din ash-Shirazi, served him as the "da‘i" (missionary), eventually attaining the highest rank of "Bab al-Abwab" (Gate of Gateways). Son of Musa Ibn Dawoud, the chief Ismaili missionary in the Fars region of Iran, he was the main ideologue and was also in charge of the "Dar al-Ilm" (House of Knowledge) in Cairo, where missionaries from both inside and outside the Fatemid Empire were trained. In the last twenty years of his reign, following the death of Mu'ayyad Shirazi in 1078, the caliph's Grand Vizier and head of the armed forces, the Armenian Muslim, Badr al-Jamali, became the supreme temporal authority, and succeeded in taming the turbulent Turkic Mamluks, who through constant infighting, had drained the treasury and destroyed the famous library of the Fatemids, scattering precious books and even using them to light fires. Many Iranians served in various capacities in the Fatemid court in Cairo, including the Arabic Grammarian Ibn Babshad.

687 lunar years ago, on this day in 753 AH, Malik Maqboul Telangani was made minister in Delhi by Sultan Mohammad Tughlaq and bestowed the title of Qawwam ul-Mulk. Born as Kattu Yugandhar in a noble Hindu family of Warangal in the Deccan, and made commander of the Kakatiya Kingdom with the title Ganna Nayaka by King Prataparudra, he was captured in battle by the army of the Delhi Sultanate, and embraced the truth of Islam. Because of his sincerity and loyalty he won the confidence of Sultan Mohammad Tughlaq and was appointed governor of Multan (in today’s Pakistan). His administrative abilities in the Punjab won praise and he was later sent to his native Deccan to deal with the rebellion of his former overlords, the Kakatiyas. On return to Delhi he rose rapidly in ranks to the extent that the next king, Feroze Shah Tughlaq, made him finance minister and then vizier (prime minister) with the title Khan-e Jahan. He mastered the Persian language and accompanied the Sultan on the expedition to Gujarat and successfully subdued the rebels. Feroz Shah would refer to him as "my brother” and during the Sultan’s six-month absence in Sindh, Khan-e Jahan Telangani ably administered Delhi. He never exceeded his powers, and had a strong desire to perform the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, which he couldn’t undertake because of state responsibilities. He built several mosques in and around Delhi and on his death his son, Jauna Khan, inherited his position as vizier. Built in 1388 AD, his tomb adjacent to the Sufi shrine of Seyyed Nizam od-Din Awliya, was the first octagonal mausoleum in Delhi. The only other octagonal mausoleum predating it in the Subcontinent is the Sufi shrine of Shah Rukn-e Alam in Multan.

544 solar years ago, on this day in 1475 AD, in the Battle of Vaslui (also known as the Battle of Racova), Stephen III of Moldavia in alliance with other Christian powers, inflicted a defeat on Suleiman Pasha, the Ottoman Governor of Rumelia, in what is now Romania. The defeat angered Sultan Mohammad II, the Conqueror of Constantinople, who resolved to personally lead the next campaign, while it brought Stephen the title "Athleta Christi" (Champion of Christ) from Pope Sixtus IV. The cause of the battle was the refusal of the Moldovan ruler, who was initially a vassal of the Ottomans, to hand over some of the liberated territories to the Turks, in addition to Stephen's ambition to seize the principality of Radu Beg or Radu the Handsome, the Muslim brother of the notorious Dracula. The Ottomans were also distracted by the growing power of the Aq Qoyunlu leader, Uzun Hassan, on their east (in Anatolia, Iraq and Iran), and viewed it as a more serious threat to them than any army the Christians of Europe could muster. Thus, Sultan Mohammad's ultimatum to Stephen to forfeit Chilia, to abolish his aggressive policy in Wallachia, and to come to Constantinople with his delayed homage, brought no results. In 1484, however, his son and successor, Bayezid II avenged the defeat by conquering all of Chilia and leaving Moldova landlocked.

366 solar years ago, on this day in 1653 AD, the world’s first newspaper, named "Gazeta", was published in Venice, Italy. Since the price of each copy was one Gazeta, the Venetian currency, the daily was given the same name, which was later used for papers published in other countries. In English it became "Gazette."

195 solar years ago, on this day in 1824 AD, cement was made for the first time by the English chemist, Joseph Aspdin, and in this manner a major development took place in the construction and development fields.

103 lunar years ago, on this day in 1337 AH, prominent Islamic scholar, Seyyed Ismail Sadr, passed away in the holy city of Kazemain in Iraq. Born in Isfahan to the scholar of Lebanese ancestry, Sadr ad-Din Saleh, after preliminary Islamic studies under his brother in Iran, he left for Iraq to study at the famous Najaf Seminary. He mastered theology, jurisprudence, ethics, and other Islamic sciences under prominent ulema such as Ayatollah Shaikh Morteza Ansari and Ayatollah Mirza Hassan Shirazi. He soon became the leading marja’ or source of emulation. Seyyed Ismail Sadr is the ancestor of the well-known and respected Sadr family spread over Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon. His elder son, Sadr ad-Din Sadr was the father of Seyyed Imam Musa as-Sadr of Lebanon, who was imprisoned in 1978 and later martyred by Mo’ammar Qadhafi of Libya, while his second son, Haidar as-Sadr, was the father of Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Baqer as-Sadr, who was martyred by Saddam in April 1980. His fourth son, Mohammad Mahdi as-Sadr was the grandfather of Iraqi religious-political leader, Seyyed Moqtada as-Sadr.

99 solar years ago, on this day in 1920 AD, The League of Nations started its work in Geneva, Switzerland, following its formation after World War I on the basis of a 16-article charter. Initially, the newly formed Soviet Union did not join it, while France and Britain only supported it from outside. The charter of The League called on member states to build relations on mutual respect toward each other, and to take measures against violation of their independence and territorial integrity. Punishments were also specified for member states violating the charter, but the inability of the League to practically implement its decisions was the main problem and the main reason behind its dissolution. This was the main factor that made major European powers such as Germany and Italy to ignore this body during the years leading to World War II, after which the United Nations replaced The League of Nations in April 1946, but also inherited some of the structural problems of its predecessor.

80 lunar years ago, on this day in 1360 AH, the prominent Islamic scholar and poet, Ayatollah Mirza Abu-Abdullah Shaikh al-Islam Zanjani, passed away at the age of 51. He was a product of the Islamic seminaries of Isfahan and Najaf, and settled in his hometown Zanjan. He travelled to Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, where the famous al-Azhar Academy appreciated his scholarship, and printed some of his works on the holy Qur'an in Arabic.

68 lunar years ago, on this day in 1372 AH, Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Hujjat Kuhkamara’i passed away in holy Qom at the age of 62 and was laid to rest in a room adjacent to the mosque of Hujjatiyya School which he had built. Born in Tabriz in a scholarly family from Kuhkamar in the Ahar district of Azarbaijan which traced its lineage to Imam Zain al-Abedin (AS), the 4^th Infallible Heir of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA), he studied Arabic grammar, jurisprudence, mathematics, medicine and other subjects in his hometown, under his qualified father, and began to teach "Sharh al-Lum’a”. At the age of 18, he left for Iraq for higher studies at the famous seminary of holy Najaf, where his teachers included Ayatollah Shaikh ash-Shari’a Isfahani, Ayatollah Seyyed Abu’l-Hassan Isfahani, Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Firuzabadi, Ayatollah Shaikh Abdul-Karim Ha’iri, Ayatollah Mirza Mohammad Hussain Na’ini, Ayatollah Ziya od-Din Iraqi, and Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Kazem Tabataba’i Yazdi. He also studied mathematics and astronomy under Haidar Quli Khan Sardar Kabuli. After almost two decades in Najaf during which he was socially active in addition to teaching a large number of students, he returned to Iran and was appointed Friday Prayer Leader at the holy shrine of Hazrat Fatema al-Ma’suma (SA) by his teacher Shaikh Abdul-Karim Ha’iri, on whose passing away six years later in 1355 AH, along with Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Taqi Khwansari and Ayatollah Seyyed Sadr od-Din as-Sadr, he became administrator of the Qom Seminary in those repressive days of the British installed Godless dictator Reza Khan Pahlavi. Ayatollah Kuhkamara’i built the Hujjatiyya Seminary in Qom, which was architecturally designed by his student the famous exegete of the holy Qur’an, Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Hussain Tabataba’i. His other students include: Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Muhaqqiq Damad, Ayatollah Mirza Hashem Amoli, Ayatollah Mohammad Ali Qazi Tabataba’i, Ayatollah Lotfollah Safi Golpayegani, and Ayatollah Ja’far Sobhani. Among the books he compiled is "Mustadrak al-Mustadrak fi Istidrak ma faat 'an Saheb al-Mustadrak”: in which he has mentioned hadiths missed by Mohaddith Noori in "Mustadrak al-Wasa’el”

56 solar years ago, on this day in 1963 AD, the electronic watch was invented by two Swiss industrialists, Solvil and Titus, after twelve years of hard work, by joining hundreds of precise tools. In such a watch, the electrons automatically move the hour and minute hands, without the need to wind or rewind it.

47 solar years ago, on this day in 1972 AD, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returned to newly independent Bangladesh as president after spending over nine months in prison in Pakistan. As a Bengali Muslim activist, he spear-headed the campaign for independence of East Pakistan from the domination of West Pakistan, which lay over a thousand miles away across the vast expanse of India. Mujib, as leader of the Awami Party, won the 1970 general elections, but was deprived from becoming prime minister of the whole of Pakistan by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who demanded that his People’s Party be included in the government. Talks failed and the demand for independence intensified, resulting in a brutal crackdown in East Pakistan by military ruler, President Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan. Mujib was arrested and taken to West Pakistan as political prisoner. Pakistan’s defeat by India in the December 1971 war resulted in the collapse of Yahya Khan’s government in the wake of the surrender of East Pakistan to the Indian military and its emergence as independent Bangladesh. Mujib was released and returned home via London and New Delhi as Bangabandhu (Father of the Nation). During Mujib’s tenure as leader, Muslim religious leaders and politicians in Bangladesh intensely criticized his adoption of state secularism. He alienated nationalists and those in the military who feared Bangladesh would become too dependent upon India. They worried about becoming a satellite state by taking extensive aid from the Indian government and allying with that country on many foreign and regional affairs. Mujib's imposition of one-party rule and suppression of political opposition also alienated large segments of the population. On August 15, 1975, a group of army officers invaded the presidential residence with tanks, killed Mujib and overthrew his government for what they perceived as treachery. His daughter Sheikh Hasina Wajed who was visiting West Germany, survived. She is the current head of state of Bangladesh.

37 solar years ago, on this day in 1982 AD, parliament member, Seyyed Mohammad Khamenei, survived an assassination attempt by the MKO terrorists as part of their campaign to eliminate the leading figures of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Seyyed Mohammad, the brother of the then president and current leader of the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei, was on his way to the Majlis (parliament) when he was targeted.

18 solar years ago, on this day in 2001 AD, Lebanon’s prominent religious leader, Ayatollah Sheikh Mohammad Mahdi Shams od-Din, passed away in Beirut at the age of 65. Born in the holy city of Najaf, in Iraq, where his scholarly father, Sheikh Abdul-Karim, was engaged in seminary studies, Mohammad Mahdi became an accomplished scholar after years of study under such leading ulema as Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Mohsin al-Hakeem and Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Abu’l-Qassem Kho’i. He was active in social spheres as well and helped his famous Iraqi colleague, Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Baqer as-Sadr, establish the Islamic party "Hizb ad-Da’wa”. For years he was editor of al-Adwa journal, before moving to his homeland permanently at the age of 36 to serve the downtrodden people of Lebanon. In 1975, he became deputy to Imam Seyyed Musa Sadr, the Chairman of the Supreme Islamic Shi’a Council of Lebanon. From early 1979 onwards until his death 22 years later, he practically discharged the duties of the Council’s Chairman following the abduction and subsequent martyrdom of Imam Musa Sadr in Libya by Mo’ammar Qadhafi. He authored several books including "Ansar al-Husain” or "Companions of Imam Husain martyred in Karbala”, and "Thawrat al-Husain fi’l-Wujdan ash-Sha’bi”, which means "The Revolution of Imam Husain and its Impact on the Consciousness of Society”.

8 solar years ago, on this day in 2011 AD, Iran's intelligence services announced the arrest of culprits who carried out the assassination a year earlier of nuclear physicist Masoud Ali Mohammadi, in a months-long covert operation that also led them to penetrate the notorious Mossad spy agency of the illegal Zionist entity.

2 solar years ago, on this day in 2017 AD, Iranian academic and educationist, Dr. Ali Shariatmadari, passed away at the age of 93. Born in Shiraz, he graduated in Law from University of Tehran in 1951 and went on to complete his higher education in the US, gaining an MA in Secondary School Education at the University of Michigan in 1957. His PhD, awarded in 1959 by the University of Tennessee, concerned philosophy of education and curriculum planning. On his return to Iran, while serving as an academic at Shiraz University, he spent four months in solitary confinement as a result of supporting a student demonstration against French oppression in Algeria. On victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1979, he served as Minister for Higher Education in the interim government. Subsequently, he was tasked with training professors, selecting students, and Islamizing universities and their curricula. He was President of the Iranian Academy of Sciences from 1990 until 1998. He was also a Professor of Education at the Teacher Training University in Tehran and a member of High Council of the Cultural Revolution from 1982 until his death.

(Courtesy: IRIB English Radio – http://parstoday.com/en)