This Day in History (August 21)
Today is Tuesday; 30th of the Iranian month of Mordad 1397 solar hijri corresponding to 9th of the Islamic month of Zil-Hijjah 1439 lunar hijri; and August 21, 2018, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar.
Today is the Day of Arafa, which means striving to gain proper and profound cognition of God Almighty. It is a day of great blessings for mankind. It is the day on which God the All-Merciful accepted the repentance of the Father of the human race, Adam, after he was cast out of the Garden for eating of the fruit of the tree that was forbidden to him as a divine test. It is the day when Abraham as per God's commandment, revived Adam's tradition to spend the day in supplication and prayer on the plain of Arafaat around the "Jabal ar-Rahma” (Mount Mercy), southeast of Mecca. It is the day whose significance all Prophets of God had emphasized to their nations. It is the day when during his farewell pilgrimage, the Almighty's Last and Greatest Messenger, Prophet Mohammad (SAWA), delivered a memorable sermon from atop Mount Mercy, emphasizing on the "Hadith Thaqalayn” that as long as Muslims hold fast to the Holy Qur'an and his progeny, the Ahl al-Bayt, they will never go astray. Special prayers and supplications are recommended for the 9th of Zil-Hijjah for Hajj pilgrims who gather on the plain of Arafaat, as well as for the faithful all over the world. Most Muslims recite the famous supplication taught on this plain and on this day by the Prophet's grandson, Imam Husain (AS), which is a treasure trove of enlightenment and proper cognizance of the Lord Most High and His Infinite Mercy.
Some 1433 lunar years ago, on this day, by the commandment of God, Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) ordered closure of doors of the houses of those companions that opened into the Grand Mosque of Medina (Masjid an-Nabi), except that of his own house and that of Imam Ali (AS), as a measure to protect the mosque's sanctity, from possible pollution by the Sahaba who might enter in the state in which it is forbidden to enter a mosque. When certain companions grumbled at this, he said: Indeed, God had ordered His Prophet Moses to build a holy Mosque, and he allowed Moses, Aaron and the two sons of Aaron, viz. Shabar and Shubair, to live therein. I was likewise ordered to construct a holy mosque wherein myself and my brother Ali and his two sons, Hasan and Husain, are allowed to live. Surely, I do only what I am ordered to do. I never undertake to act on my own wish. Certainly I have not ordered of my own accord to close your doors or to let Ali's door remain open. It is God who granted Ali an abode in the Holy Mosque.
This event has been mentioned in the Sahih books of the Sunni compilers of hadith, such as Bukhari, Tirmizi, etc. The 2nd caliph, Omar Ibn Khattab, has been quoted as saying: "Indeed, Ali has been endowed with three qualities, of which had I but one, it would be more precious to me than to be given high bred camels.” It was asked of him what they were? He replied "His marriage to Fatema (the Prophet’s daughter); his remaining in the Mosque while that is not lawful for me; and his carrying the Standard on the day of Khaibar.”
1379 lunar years ago, on this day in 60 AH, Muslim Ibn Aqeel, the nephew and son-in-law of Imam Ali (AS), was martyred in the city of Kufa in Iraq. He was sent as emissary by his cousin, Imam Husain (AS), to assess the degree of devotion and loyalty of the people to the cause of the Ahl al-Bayt of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA), following receipt of numerous letters from the notables who had claimed that in accordance with Islamic teachings they had refused to acknowledge the illegal rule of the tyrant and debauchee, Yazid Ibn Mu'awiyya, and needed the just and pious leader to guide them. Muslim was warmly welcomed by the people, but when Yazid sent the callous and ruthless Obaidullah Ibn Ziyad as governor of Kufa, almost all people, deserted the cause of Islam, deceived either by hollow promises of reward or threats to their life and property. As a result, Muslim, after a brave fight was betrayed, taken before Ibn Ziyad and brutally beheaded. Among the few martyred with him, was Hani Ibn Orwah, whose shrine lies opposite Muslim's golden-domed shrine, beside the Grand Mosque of Kufa.
901 lunar years ago, on this day in 538 AH, the Iranian Sunni Muslim exegete of the holy Qur'an, narrator of hadith, and linguist, Mohammad ibn Omar Zamakhshari, died at the age of 72 in the city of Gurganj in the ancient Iranian land of Khwarezm, which today is divided among the Central Asian republics of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Born in Zamakhsar village, he studied in Bukhara and Samarqand and Bukhara, and lived in Baghdad for some years. He followed the rationalistic Mu'tazali doctrine and was known as "Jarallah” (or Neighbour of God), since he stayed for several years in Mecca, spending his time at the holy Ka'ba, the symbolic House of God Almighty. He wrote in both Persian and Arabic, and is best known for "al-Kashshaaf”, an exegesis of the holy Qur'an – famous for its deep linguistic analysis of the ayahs. He also wrote "Rabi al-Abraar”, a voluminous reference work, in which he has exposed the dubious parentage of Mu’awiya ibn Abu Sufyan. He has recorded many of the God-given merits of the Ahl al-Bayt of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) and their superiority over all Muslims.
887 solar years ago, on this day in 1131 AD, Baldwin II the self-styled 3rd king of the illegal Latin kingdom of Jerusalem (occupied Bayt al-Moqaddas) died after a rule of 13 years during which he was constantly involved in wars and killings of Muslims. Earlier as Count of the occupied Syrian-Mesopotamian city of Edessa (currently in southeastern Turkey), he was captured in the Battle of Harran by the Seljuq Turks and was not released until four years later in 1108. The Latin kingdom set up by the Crusaders from Europe collapsed in 1187 after 88 years of illegal existence in Palestine, as a result of an attack by a united Muslim army of Kurds, Turks, Arabs and Iranians, while the Egyptian navy effectively blocked the Mediterranean Sea to prevent any aid from Europe.
879 solar years ago, on this day in 1139 AD, Song Dynasty general Yue Fei defeated an army led by Jin Dynasty general Wanyan Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song wars in China. During the Song era, many foreigners traveled to China to conduct trade or live permanently. There came many foreign religions; religious minorities in China included Muslims and Persian Manichaeans. The economic power of Song China heavily influenced foreign economies abroad. The Sicilian Muslim geographer, Seyyed al-Idrisi al-Hassani, wrote in 1154 of the prowess of Chinese merchant ships in the Indian Ocean and of their annual voyages that brought iron, swords, silk, velvet, porcelain, and various textiles to places such as Aden (Yemen), the Indus River, and the River Euphrates in Iraq. Foreigners, in turn, had an impact on the Chinese economy. For example, many West Asian and Central Asian Muslims went to China to trade, becoming a preeminent force in the import and export industry, while some were even appointed as officers supervising economic affairs.
861 solar years ago, on this day in 1157 AD, Alfonso VII of Leon and Castile died at the age of 52. By 1125 he had inherited the formerly Muslim Kingdom of Toledo. On 10 March 1126, after the death of his mother, he was crowned in León and immediately began the recovery of the Kingdom of Castile. He lost the Battle of Leon to the Muslims.
791 lunar years ago, on the eve of this day in 548 AH, the prominent Iranian scholar, Amin od-Din Abu Ali Fazl bin Hassan Tabarsi, passed away in the city of Sabzevar, Khorasan, where he had settled in the last years of his life to complete his monumental exegesis of the holy Qur’an, titled "Majma' al-Bayan". His body was taken to the holy city of Mashhad for burial near the shrine of Imam Reza (AS), the 8th Infallible Successor of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA). In the preface to this work, he gives the reasons for his writing it and for his choice of title. He also describes the methodology used in his exegesis on every ayah of the holy Qur’an. He divides his exegesis on every passage into five sections: introductory discourse, reading guide, language discourse, revelation and circumstances surrounding it, and meaning. When a passage relates to a theological, jurisprudential or philosophical issue, he gives the views of all sides, whether Sunni or Shi’ite, and then his own judgement. The originality of his exegesis is that he gives the readers an opportunity to see the varying opinions on different issues mentioned in the Qur'an before discussing these views and declaring his own stand. "Majma’ al-Bayan” covers historical facts, as well as the opinions of philologists, traditionists, exegetes, and poets. Tabarsi’s exegesis focuses on many theological issues, including the divinely-decreed Imamate of Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS), the infallibility of the Imams, God's Justice, etc. He also discusses the issue of Imam Mahdi (AS), his advent in the end times, the purpose of his coming and his global rule. Tabarsi's son and grandson were also noted scholars and author of books.
785 lunar years ago, on this day in 654 AH, the Muslim scientist Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad Ibn Muhammad al-Banna al-Marrakushi was born in Morocco. He was a mathematician, astronomer, Islamic scholar, Sufi, and astrologer. The crater al-Marrakushi on the Moon is named after him. He wrote some 82 books.
750 lunar years ago, on this day in 689 AH, the Imami scholar, Yahya Ibn Ahmad al-Hilli, passed away in Iraq. He was a cousin of the famous researcher, Muhaqqeq al-Hilli, who in turn was the maternal uncle of the celebrated scholar, Allamah Hilli. Among his works is "Nuzhat an-Nazzer”.
442 solar years ago, on this day in 1576 AD, Ismail II ascended the Safavid throne of Iran as the 3rd king of the dynasty and launched a campaign of fratricide in his brief 15-month reign that ended with his murder at the age of 40. Imprisoned by his father Shah Tahmasp I for plotting to seize the throne, he was freed and declared king by a faction of the powerful Qizilbash guard in the dispute that ensued on the death of Shah Tahmasp. The Qizilbash were split between him and his younger brother Haydar Ali. The pro-Haydar faction was briefly successful in placing their candidate on the throne but Haydar was killed in the ensuing fight between supporters and opponents that made his tutor, the great scholar, Mir Mohammad Momin Astarabadi to leave Iran for the safety of the Deccan in southern India, where he became Prime Minister of the Qotb-Shahi Dynasty of Iranian origin of Golkandeh and helped found the city of Hyderabad. Another faction tried to make a third son of Tahmasp as king, but was thwarted by Ismail's supporters. It seems the almost 20-year imprisonment of Ismail at the fortress of Qahqaha had affected his mind. As well as executing members of the faction that had opposed him, he also turned on his own supporters. He killed or blinded five of his own brothers and four other Safavid princes. He is known in Iranian history as "Ismail-e Murted" (Ismail the Apostate) for turning away from the path of the Ahl al-Bayt of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA). The Qizilbash began to regret their choice and plotted to assassinate Ismail with the help of his own sister Pari Khan Khanum. Ismail died after consuming poisoned opium on 24 November 1577 and was succeeded by his almost blind brother, Mohammad Khodabandah, the father of Shah Abbas the Great.
397 solar years ago, on this day in 1621 AD, the well-known Islamic scholar, theologian, astronomer, and mathematician, Baha od-Din Mohammad bin Hussain Ameli, popularly known as "Sheikh Bahai”, passed away in Isfahan at the age of 78. Born in Ba’lbak in Lebanon, in a family descended from Harres al-Hamdani, a loyal disciple of the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS), his father, Shaikh Hussain bin Abdus-Samad, was one of the prominent scholars who migrated to Safavid Iran with his young son. Given his sublime talents, the young Bahai soon honed his skills in sciences, such as theology, jurisprudence, Exegesis of the Holy Qur'an, hadith, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, literature, and history. He travelled extensively through Syria, Palestine, Hijaz, Egypt, Iraq, Azarbaijan and Khorasan. Because of his creative talents, he had actually become a walking encyclopedia. He is the first jurisprudent who wrote a handbook on Fiqh for simple layman in Persian language titled "Jame' Abbasi". In spite of his diverse interests, he trained great Fuqaha like Mullah Sadra Shirazi, Muhaqqiq Sabzevari, Fazel Jawad, and Mullah Mohammad Taqi, known as Majlisi the First, since he was the father of the famous scholar, Allamah Mohammad Baqer Majlisi, the author of the encyclopedic work, "Behar ul-Anwaar". After the death of his father-in-law, Shaikh Ali Minshar, he was made the Shaikh ol-Islam of Iran. He has left behind at least 100 valuable books and treatises. Among his works, mention can be made of the books: "Kashkol” (literature), "Khulasat al-Hesab” (mathematics), and "Tashrih al-Aflaak” (astronomy).
338 solar years ago, on this day in 1680 AD, Pueblo Amerindians captured Santa Fe from the Spanish during the Pueblo Revolt in what is now New Mexico State of the US. In the fighting over 400 Spanish occupiers lost their life, while more than 2,000 others fled. Soon, as part of their genocidal policies, the Spanish occupiers retaliated and massacred thousands of native Amerindians.
248 solar years ago, on this day in 1770 AD, Captain James Cook formally claimed eastern Australia for Britain, naming it New South Wales. The British soon occupied the whole of the continent by seizing lands from the native aborigines and settling them with convicts, as well as Irish revolutionaries exiled from their homeland. Today, although Australia has its own elected government with only nominal allegiance to the British crown, it serves as an outpost in the east of the decadent western civilization, heavily discriminating against people of non-European background by following the dictates of London and Washington.
187 solar years ago, on this day 1831 AD, Nat Turner led the enslaved black people as well as the free blacks in a rebellion against the white US oppressors, a week after he saw a solar eclipse and interpreted it as a sign of God to launch an uprising against the Anglo-Saxon racists. Turner, who was descended from highly civilized people of Ghana and kidnapped by Europeans and sold in the Americas, started his uprising in Southampton County, Virginia, by freeing many African people from slavery. The uprising was brutally crushed after a few days by the White racist government. Turner survived in hiding for over two months afterwards, but was hunted down and hanged. His corpse was flayed, beheaded and quartered by the white Americans who went on to massacre over 200 black people in the southern states, where state legislatures passed new laws prohibiting education of the so-called slaves as well as free black- people, in addition to restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for them.
78 solar years ago on this day in 1940 AD, Russian Marxist leader, Leon Trotsky, was assassinated in exile in Mexico by a Spanish communist agent of Soviet dictator, Joseph Stalin, who had expelled him from the communist party. Ramon Mercador del Rio, posing as a Canadian businessman by the name of Frank Jackson, fatally wounded him with an alpine axe to the back of the head, the day before. Born in Yanivka (presently in Ukraine) in the Russian Empire, Trotsky grew up to be an active revolutionary against Czarist despotism. As a result he was deported twice to Siberia but managed to escape both times. After the victory of the February Revolution in March 1917, he returned home and when the Bolsheviks seized power in October, he was appointed as the People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs. A year later, he was named the People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs. Later, he was involved in a power struggle with Stalin, who seized power on the death of Vladimir Lenin. Trotsky was one of the ideologues of the Bolshevik Revolution and had differences of opinion with Lenin. He wrote a number of books including "History of the Russian Revolution” and "The Revolution Betrayed”.
74 lunar years ago, on this day in 1365 AH, the Source of Emulation, Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Abu’l-Hassan Isfahani, passed away at the age of 81 in holy Najaf, Iraq. Born in the vicinity of the Iranian city of Isfahan, after preliminary studies he traveled to Iraq to attend the famous Seminary in holy Najaf. He studied under prominent scholars such as Akhound Khorasani, and attained the status of "Ijtehad”. A prominent instructor at the Najaf Seminary for over thirty years, he groomed numerous scholars. At the same time, aware of political developments, he strongly opposed the British invasion of Iraq, which led to his expulsion to Iran. But, the public and ulema forced the Iraqi administration to revise its decision and recall him to Najaf. He was very patient and modest. Among his most important works is "Wasilat-an-Najat”. Many leading scholars have written annotations on this book, including the Father of the Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini (RA).
59 solar years ago, on this day in 1959 AD, the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) was set up with the signing of an accord in the Turkish capital Ankara by Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, and Britain, for replacing the Bagdad Pact that had collapsed the year before with General Abdul-Karim Qassim’s coup in Iraq and his decision to withdraw from the Treaty. Although the US was not a signatory and had an observer status, it played the major role in CENTO, which was the central loop in the West’s military girdle around the Soviet Union. Following the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1979 and Iran’s withdrawal, CENTO collapsed and was dissolved.
49 solar years ago, on this day in 1969 AD, an arson attack was launched by the Zionists on Islam’s former Qibla (focal point of prayer), the al-Aqsa Mosque in Bayt al-Moqaddas. The usurper state of Israel attributed the fire to Australian tourist, Denis Michael Rohan, and detained him, but a court in Tel Aviv released him on the pretext of being mentally ill. Muslims throughout the world held protest rallies, compelling heads of Muslim states to establish the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) the next year, to counter the threats against Islamic sanctities. In 2003, on the proposal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the OIC designated August 21 as World Mosque Day in order to arouse international conscience towards the sanctity of mosques.
32 solar years ago, on this day in 1986 AD, more than 1700 people died when toxic gas erupted from Lake Nyos, a volcanic lake in the West African nation of Cameroon. The gas was carbon dioxide which, being more dense than air, hugged the ground and flowed down valleys. The cloud travelled as far as 25 km from the lake. It was moving fast enough to flatten vegetation, including a few trees. In addition to the human deaths caused by suffocation, 845 people were hospitalized and 3,000 cattle died. Lake Nyos is a few square kilometers in area, and is around 200 m deep. It is situated in the crater formed from the collapse of the pipe feeding a now extinct volcano
8 solar years ago, on this day in 2010 AD, Iran’s President Dr. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad inaugurated the country's first domestically built unmanned bomber aircraft, as part of the Islamic Republic’s efforts to reach self-sufficiency in sophisticated electronic technology despite the illegal sanctions imposed by the US and its accomplices. He called it an "ambassador of death" to Iran's enemies.
5 solar years ago, on this day in 2013 AD, terrorists, supported by the US and Arab reactionary regimes, used internationally banned chemical weapons to kill hundreds of men, women, and children in the Ghouta region of Syria near the capital Damascus.
Mordad 30 is commemorated every year in Iran as "Allamah Mohammad Baqer Majlisi Day” in honour of this celebrated scholar of the Safavid era, among whose services to the promotion of Islam amongst the people is compilation of the famous 110-volume Hadith Encyclopedia "Bihar al-Anwaar” (Oceans of Lights). He was a prolific writer in both Arabic and Persian, and his books include "Miraat al-Uqoul”, "Hayat al-Qoloub”, "Haqq al-Yaqeen”, "Hilyat-al-Muttaqeen”, "Jala’ al-Uyoun” etc.
August 21 is marked as International Mosque Day since 2003 AD, following Iran’s initiative at the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), and its approval by the OIC Foreign Ministerial Meeting. Every year, the International Mosque Week is observed in the Islamic Republic of Iran and other countries, on the anniversary of the arson attack on al-Aqsa Mosque in the Zionist occupied Islamic city of Bayt al-Moqaddas – Islam’s third holiest site. The goal is to arouse amongst Muslims the importance of mosques, and their role in promoting religious, ethical, cultural, social and various other morally-upright activities.
(Courtesy: IRIB English Radio – http://parstoday.com/en)
Today is the Day of Arafa, which means striving to gain proper and profound cognition of God Almighty. It is a day of great blessings for mankind. It is the day on which God the All-Merciful accepted the repentance of the Father of the human race, Adam, after he was cast out of the Garden for eating of the fruit of the tree that was forbidden to him as a divine test. It is the day when Abraham as per God's commandment, revived Adam's tradition to spend the day in supplication and prayer on the plain of Arafaat around the "Jabal ar-Rahma” (Mount Mercy), southeast of Mecca. It is the day whose significance all Prophets of God had emphasized to their nations. It is the day when during his farewell pilgrimage, the Almighty's Last and Greatest Messenger, Prophet Mohammad (SAWA), delivered a memorable sermon from atop Mount Mercy, emphasizing on the "Hadith Thaqalayn” that as long as Muslims hold fast to the Holy Qur'an and his progeny, the Ahl al-Bayt, they will never go astray. Special prayers and supplications are recommended for the 9th of Zil-Hijjah for Hajj pilgrims who gather on the plain of Arafaat, as well as for the faithful all over the world. Most Muslims recite the famous supplication taught on this plain and on this day by the Prophet's grandson, Imam Husain (AS), which is a treasure trove of enlightenment and proper cognizance of the Lord Most High and His Infinite Mercy.
Some 1433 lunar years ago, on this day, by the commandment of God, Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) ordered closure of doors of the houses of those companions that opened into the Grand Mosque of Medina (Masjid an-Nabi), except that of his own house and that of Imam Ali (AS), as a measure to protect the mosque's sanctity, from possible pollution by the Sahaba who might enter in the state in which it is forbidden to enter a mosque. When certain companions grumbled at this, he said: Indeed, God had ordered His Prophet Moses to build a holy Mosque, and he allowed Moses, Aaron and the two sons of Aaron, viz. Shabar and Shubair, to live therein. I was likewise ordered to construct a holy mosque wherein myself and my brother Ali and his two sons, Hasan and Husain, are allowed to live. Surely, I do only what I am ordered to do. I never undertake to act on my own wish. Certainly I have not ordered of my own accord to close your doors or to let Ali's door remain open. It is God who granted Ali an abode in the Holy Mosque.
This event has been mentioned in the Sahih books of the Sunni compilers of hadith, such as Bukhari, Tirmizi, etc. The 2nd caliph, Omar Ibn Khattab, has been quoted as saying: "Indeed, Ali has been endowed with three qualities, of which had I but one, it would be more precious to me than to be given high bred camels.” It was asked of him what they were? He replied "His marriage to Fatema (the Prophet’s daughter); his remaining in the Mosque while that is not lawful for me; and his carrying the Standard on the day of Khaibar.”
1379 lunar years ago, on this day in 60 AH, Muslim Ibn Aqeel, the nephew and son-in-law of Imam Ali (AS), was martyred in the city of Kufa in Iraq. He was sent as emissary by his cousin, Imam Husain (AS), to assess the degree of devotion and loyalty of the people to the cause of the Ahl al-Bayt of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA), following receipt of numerous letters from the notables who had claimed that in accordance with Islamic teachings they had refused to acknowledge the illegal rule of the tyrant and debauchee, Yazid Ibn Mu'awiyya, and needed the just and pious leader to guide them. Muslim was warmly welcomed by the people, but when Yazid sent the callous and ruthless Obaidullah Ibn Ziyad as governor of Kufa, almost all people, deserted the cause of Islam, deceived either by hollow promises of reward or threats to their life and property. As a result, Muslim, after a brave fight was betrayed, taken before Ibn Ziyad and brutally beheaded. Among the few martyred with him, was Hani Ibn Orwah, whose shrine lies opposite Muslim's golden-domed shrine, beside the Grand Mosque of Kufa.
901 lunar years ago, on this day in 538 AH, the Iranian Sunni Muslim exegete of the holy Qur'an, narrator of hadith, and linguist, Mohammad ibn Omar Zamakhshari, died at the age of 72 in the city of Gurganj in the ancient Iranian land of Khwarezm, which today is divided among the Central Asian republics of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Born in Zamakhsar village, he studied in Bukhara and Samarqand and Bukhara, and lived in Baghdad for some years. He followed the rationalistic Mu'tazali doctrine and was known as "Jarallah” (or Neighbour of God), since he stayed for several years in Mecca, spending his time at the holy Ka'ba, the symbolic House of God Almighty. He wrote in both Persian and Arabic, and is best known for "al-Kashshaaf”, an exegesis of the holy Qur'an – famous for its deep linguistic analysis of the ayahs. He also wrote "Rabi al-Abraar”, a voluminous reference work, in which he has exposed the dubious parentage of Mu’awiya ibn Abu Sufyan. He has recorded many of the God-given merits of the Ahl al-Bayt of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA) and their superiority over all Muslims.
887 solar years ago, on this day in 1131 AD, Baldwin II the self-styled 3rd king of the illegal Latin kingdom of Jerusalem (occupied Bayt al-Moqaddas) died after a rule of 13 years during which he was constantly involved in wars and killings of Muslims. Earlier as Count of the occupied Syrian-Mesopotamian city of Edessa (currently in southeastern Turkey), he was captured in the Battle of Harran by the Seljuq Turks and was not released until four years later in 1108. The Latin kingdom set up by the Crusaders from Europe collapsed in 1187 after 88 years of illegal existence in Palestine, as a result of an attack by a united Muslim army of Kurds, Turks, Arabs and Iranians, while the Egyptian navy effectively blocked the Mediterranean Sea to prevent any aid from Europe.
879 solar years ago, on this day in 1139 AD, Song Dynasty general Yue Fei defeated an army led by Jin Dynasty general Wanyan Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song wars in China. During the Song era, many foreigners traveled to China to conduct trade or live permanently. There came many foreign religions; religious minorities in China included Muslims and Persian Manichaeans. The economic power of Song China heavily influenced foreign economies abroad. The Sicilian Muslim geographer, Seyyed al-Idrisi al-Hassani, wrote in 1154 of the prowess of Chinese merchant ships in the Indian Ocean and of their annual voyages that brought iron, swords, silk, velvet, porcelain, and various textiles to places such as Aden (Yemen), the Indus River, and the River Euphrates in Iraq. Foreigners, in turn, had an impact on the Chinese economy. For example, many West Asian and Central Asian Muslims went to China to trade, becoming a preeminent force in the import and export industry, while some were even appointed as officers supervising economic affairs.
861 solar years ago, on this day in 1157 AD, Alfonso VII of Leon and Castile died at the age of 52. By 1125 he had inherited the formerly Muslim Kingdom of Toledo. On 10 March 1126, after the death of his mother, he was crowned in León and immediately began the recovery of the Kingdom of Castile. He lost the Battle of Leon to the Muslims.
791 lunar years ago, on the eve of this day in 548 AH, the prominent Iranian scholar, Amin od-Din Abu Ali Fazl bin Hassan Tabarsi, passed away in the city of Sabzevar, Khorasan, where he had settled in the last years of his life to complete his monumental exegesis of the holy Qur’an, titled "Majma' al-Bayan". His body was taken to the holy city of Mashhad for burial near the shrine of Imam Reza (AS), the 8th Infallible Successor of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA). In the preface to this work, he gives the reasons for his writing it and for his choice of title. He also describes the methodology used in his exegesis on every ayah of the holy Qur’an. He divides his exegesis on every passage into five sections: introductory discourse, reading guide, language discourse, revelation and circumstances surrounding it, and meaning. When a passage relates to a theological, jurisprudential or philosophical issue, he gives the views of all sides, whether Sunni or Shi’ite, and then his own judgement. The originality of his exegesis is that he gives the readers an opportunity to see the varying opinions on different issues mentioned in the Qur'an before discussing these views and declaring his own stand. "Majma’ al-Bayan” covers historical facts, as well as the opinions of philologists, traditionists, exegetes, and poets. Tabarsi’s exegesis focuses on many theological issues, including the divinely-decreed Imamate of Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS), the infallibility of the Imams, God's Justice, etc. He also discusses the issue of Imam Mahdi (AS), his advent in the end times, the purpose of his coming and his global rule. Tabarsi's son and grandson were also noted scholars and author of books.
785 lunar years ago, on this day in 654 AH, the Muslim scientist Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad Ibn Muhammad al-Banna al-Marrakushi was born in Morocco. He was a mathematician, astronomer, Islamic scholar, Sufi, and astrologer. The crater al-Marrakushi on the Moon is named after him. He wrote some 82 books.
750 lunar years ago, on this day in 689 AH, the Imami scholar, Yahya Ibn Ahmad al-Hilli, passed away in Iraq. He was a cousin of the famous researcher, Muhaqqeq al-Hilli, who in turn was the maternal uncle of the celebrated scholar, Allamah Hilli. Among his works is "Nuzhat an-Nazzer”.
442 solar years ago, on this day in 1576 AD, Ismail II ascended the Safavid throne of Iran as the 3rd king of the dynasty and launched a campaign of fratricide in his brief 15-month reign that ended with his murder at the age of 40. Imprisoned by his father Shah Tahmasp I for plotting to seize the throne, he was freed and declared king by a faction of the powerful Qizilbash guard in the dispute that ensued on the death of Shah Tahmasp. The Qizilbash were split between him and his younger brother Haydar Ali. The pro-Haydar faction was briefly successful in placing their candidate on the throne but Haydar was killed in the ensuing fight between supporters and opponents that made his tutor, the great scholar, Mir Mohammad Momin Astarabadi to leave Iran for the safety of the Deccan in southern India, where he became Prime Minister of the Qotb-Shahi Dynasty of Iranian origin of Golkandeh and helped found the city of Hyderabad. Another faction tried to make a third son of Tahmasp as king, but was thwarted by Ismail's supporters. It seems the almost 20-year imprisonment of Ismail at the fortress of Qahqaha had affected his mind. As well as executing members of the faction that had opposed him, he also turned on his own supporters. He killed or blinded five of his own brothers and four other Safavid princes. He is known in Iranian history as "Ismail-e Murted" (Ismail the Apostate) for turning away from the path of the Ahl al-Bayt of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA). The Qizilbash began to regret their choice and plotted to assassinate Ismail with the help of his own sister Pari Khan Khanum. Ismail died after consuming poisoned opium on 24 November 1577 and was succeeded by his almost blind brother, Mohammad Khodabandah, the father of Shah Abbas the Great.
397 solar years ago, on this day in 1621 AD, the well-known Islamic scholar, theologian, astronomer, and mathematician, Baha od-Din Mohammad bin Hussain Ameli, popularly known as "Sheikh Bahai”, passed away in Isfahan at the age of 78. Born in Ba’lbak in Lebanon, in a family descended from Harres al-Hamdani, a loyal disciple of the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS), his father, Shaikh Hussain bin Abdus-Samad, was one of the prominent scholars who migrated to Safavid Iran with his young son. Given his sublime talents, the young Bahai soon honed his skills in sciences, such as theology, jurisprudence, Exegesis of the Holy Qur'an, hadith, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, literature, and history. He travelled extensively through Syria, Palestine, Hijaz, Egypt, Iraq, Azarbaijan and Khorasan. Because of his creative talents, he had actually become a walking encyclopedia. He is the first jurisprudent who wrote a handbook on Fiqh for simple layman in Persian language titled "Jame' Abbasi". In spite of his diverse interests, he trained great Fuqaha like Mullah Sadra Shirazi, Muhaqqiq Sabzevari, Fazel Jawad, and Mullah Mohammad Taqi, known as Majlisi the First, since he was the father of the famous scholar, Allamah Mohammad Baqer Majlisi, the author of the encyclopedic work, "Behar ul-Anwaar". After the death of his father-in-law, Shaikh Ali Minshar, he was made the Shaikh ol-Islam of Iran. He has left behind at least 100 valuable books and treatises. Among his works, mention can be made of the books: "Kashkol” (literature), "Khulasat al-Hesab” (mathematics), and "Tashrih al-Aflaak” (astronomy).
338 solar years ago, on this day in 1680 AD, Pueblo Amerindians captured Santa Fe from the Spanish during the Pueblo Revolt in what is now New Mexico State of the US. In the fighting over 400 Spanish occupiers lost their life, while more than 2,000 others fled. Soon, as part of their genocidal policies, the Spanish occupiers retaliated and massacred thousands of native Amerindians.
248 solar years ago, on this day in 1770 AD, Captain James Cook formally claimed eastern Australia for Britain, naming it New South Wales. The British soon occupied the whole of the continent by seizing lands from the native aborigines and settling them with convicts, as well as Irish revolutionaries exiled from their homeland. Today, although Australia has its own elected government with only nominal allegiance to the British crown, it serves as an outpost in the east of the decadent western civilization, heavily discriminating against people of non-European background by following the dictates of London and Washington.
187 solar years ago, on this day 1831 AD, Nat Turner led the enslaved black people as well as the free blacks in a rebellion against the white US oppressors, a week after he saw a solar eclipse and interpreted it as a sign of God to launch an uprising against the Anglo-Saxon racists. Turner, who was descended from highly civilized people of Ghana and kidnapped by Europeans and sold in the Americas, started his uprising in Southampton County, Virginia, by freeing many African people from slavery. The uprising was brutally crushed after a few days by the White racist government. Turner survived in hiding for over two months afterwards, but was hunted down and hanged. His corpse was flayed, beheaded and quartered by the white Americans who went on to massacre over 200 black people in the southern states, where state legislatures passed new laws prohibiting education of the so-called slaves as well as free black- people, in addition to restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for them.
78 solar years ago on this day in 1940 AD, Russian Marxist leader, Leon Trotsky, was assassinated in exile in Mexico by a Spanish communist agent of Soviet dictator, Joseph Stalin, who had expelled him from the communist party. Ramon Mercador del Rio, posing as a Canadian businessman by the name of Frank Jackson, fatally wounded him with an alpine axe to the back of the head, the day before. Born in Yanivka (presently in Ukraine) in the Russian Empire, Trotsky grew up to be an active revolutionary against Czarist despotism. As a result he was deported twice to Siberia but managed to escape both times. After the victory of the February Revolution in March 1917, he returned home and when the Bolsheviks seized power in October, he was appointed as the People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs. A year later, he was named the People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs. Later, he was involved in a power struggle with Stalin, who seized power on the death of Vladimir Lenin. Trotsky was one of the ideologues of the Bolshevik Revolution and had differences of opinion with Lenin. He wrote a number of books including "History of the Russian Revolution” and "The Revolution Betrayed”.
74 lunar years ago, on this day in 1365 AH, the Source of Emulation, Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Abu’l-Hassan Isfahani, passed away at the age of 81 in holy Najaf, Iraq. Born in the vicinity of the Iranian city of Isfahan, after preliminary studies he traveled to Iraq to attend the famous Seminary in holy Najaf. He studied under prominent scholars such as Akhound Khorasani, and attained the status of "Ijtehad”. A prominent instructor at the Najaf Seminary for over thirty years, he groomed numerous scholars. At the same time, aware of political developments, he strongly opposed the British invasion of Iraq, which led to his expulsion to Iran. But, the public and ulema forced the Iraqi administration to revise its decision and recall him to Najaf. He was very patient and modest. Among his most important works is "Wasilat-an-Najat”. Many leading scholars have written annotations on this book, including the Father of the Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini (RA).
59 solar years ago, on this day in 1959 AD, the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) was set up with the signing of an accord in the Turkish capital Ankara by Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, and Britain, for replacing the Bagdad Pact that had collapsed the year before with General Abdul-Karim Qassim’s coup in Iraq and his decision to withdraw from the Treaty. Although the US was not a signatory and had an observer status, it played the major role in CENTO, which was the central loop in the West’s military girdle around the Soviet Union. Following the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1979 and Iran’s withdrawal, CENTO collapsed and was dissolved.
49 solar years ago, on this day in 1969 AD, an arson attack was launched by the Zionists on Islam’s former Qibla (focal point of prayer), the al-Aqsa Mosque in Bayt al-Moqaddas. The usurper state of Israel attributed the fire to Australian tourist, Denis Michael Rohan, and detained him, but a court in Tel Aviv released him on the pretext of being mentally ill. Muslims throughout the world held protest rallies, compelling heads of Muslim states to establish the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) the next year, to counter the threats against Islamic sanctities. In 2003, on the proposal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the OIC designated August 21 as World Mosque Day in order to arouse international conscience towards the sanctity of mosques.
32 solar years ago, on this day in 1986 AD, more than 1700 people died when toxic gas erupted from Lake Nyos, a volcanic lake in the West African nation of Cameroon. The gas was carbon dioxide which, being more dense than air, hugged the ground and flowed down valleys. The cloud travelled as far as 25 km from the lake. It was moving fast enough to flatten vegetation, including a few trees. In addition to the human deaths caused by suffocation, 845 people were hospitalized and 3,000 cattle died. Lake Nyos is a few square kilometers in area, and is around 200 m deep. It is situated in the crater formed from the collapse of the pipe feeding a now extinct volcano
8 solar years ago, on this day in 2010 AD, Iran’s President Dr. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad inaugurated the country's first domestically built unmanned bomber aircraft, as part of the Islamic Republic’s efforts to reach self-sufficiency in sophisticated electronic technology despite the illegal sanctions imposed by the US and its accomplices. He called it an "ambassador of death" to Iran's enemies.
5 solar years ago, on this day in 2013 AD, terrorists, supported by the US and Arab reactionary regimes, used internationally banned chemical weapons to kill hundreds of men, women, and children in the Ghouta region of Syria near the capital Damascus.
Mordad 30 is commemorated every year in Iran as "Allamah Mohammad Baqer Majlisi Day” in honour of this celebrated scholar of the Safavid era, among whose services to the promotion of Islam amongst the people is compilation of the famous 110-volume Hadith Encyclopedia "Bihar al-Anwaar” (Oceans of Lights). He was a prolific writer in both Arabic and Persian, and his books include "Miraat al-Uqoul”, "Hayat al-Qoloub”, "Haqq al-Yaqeen”, "Hilyat-al-Muttaqeen”, "Jala’ al-Uyoun” etc.
August 21 is marked as International Mosque Day since 2003 AD, following Iran’s initiative at the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), and its approval by the OIC Foreign Ministerial Meeting. Every year, the International Mosque Week is observed in the Islamic Republic of Iran and other countries, on the anniversary of the arson attack on al-Aqsa Mosque in the Zionist occupied Islamic city of Bayt al-Moqaddas – Islam’s third holiest site. The goal is to arouse amongst Muslims the importance of mosques, and their role in promoting religious, ethical, cultural, social and various other morally-upright activities.
(Courtesy: IRIB English Radio – http://parstoday.com/en)